SOCIAL
SCIENCE (VIII) LESSON -3
RISE OF MARATHAS
(LESSON NOTES)
v Introduction
Ø This lesson tell us about who are martahaa and how they became so powerful and establish their kingdom from Attock to Cuttack start from Shivaji later on under Peshwas.
Ø We
also learn about their administration system, cultural development, and their
legacy.
v Content
of the chapter
Ø Foundation
of Maratha Power
Ø Marathas
after Shivaji
Ø Maratha
Administration
Ø Cultural
Revail
Ø About Thanjavur
v Introduction:
Ø The
term ‘medieval’ means between two ages or periods. It was originally applied to
European history from 5th CE to 14th Centuries also mark
as Dark age. In Indian reference ‘medieval’ means the period from the 11th to
the 17th centuries.
Ø In
this lesson we come to know about India’s history in references of Political, social,
and administrative.
Ø How the new dynasties emerged and ruins in the medieval period in north and southern region?
HISTORY (IX) -LESSON 4
FOREST SOCIETY AND COLONIALISM
LESSON NOTES
______________________________________________________________
v Introduction:-
Ø Have
you ever thought about how forests influence our daily lives? From the paper in
your books to the spices in your food, and even the oil in chocolates—so much
comes from forests! Forests also provide homes to countless species, with
places like the Amazon forests and Western Ghats boasting
as many as 500 plant species in one patch.
Ø But
this diversity is under threat. Over centuries, forests have been cleared for
industries, farming, and fuel. In this chapter, we’ll explore how forests have
shaped societies, the impact of colonial rule on forest resources, and
how forest conservation became a global
concern.
v WHY
DEFORESTATION?
Ø Meaning:- Deforestation refers
to the disappearance of forests due to human activities, like
clearing land for agriculture or urban development.
v Reasons
for Deforestation:- Deforestation has been occurring for
a long time, but it began to spread rapidly during colonial rule. Here are the
causes :-
1. Change
in Land Use for Farming:- In 1600, only
about one-sixth of India’s land was under cultivation, but
today it has increased to nearly half. As the population expanded,
people began removing forests to create more farmland.
2. Commercial
Exploitation of Forest Resources:- The British promoted the
farming of crops like jute, cotton, and sugar to
meet Europe’s demand.
o The
colonial rulers believed that clearing forests for farming would generate more
agricultural products and income.
o From 1880
to 1920, the area used for cultivation expanded by 6.7 million
hectares.
3. Infrastructure Development:- The construction of railways, roads, and urbanization for the growing British-controlled economy led to the large-scale clearing of forests for space.
11. Match the following / निम्नलिखित मिलाएँ:
A. Nehru → i. Objectives Resolution
B. Ambedkar → ii. Drafting Committee
C. Patel → iii. Integration and reconciliation
D. Rajendra Prasad → iv. President of Assembly
12. The “Objectives Resolution” was introduced on / “उद्देश्य प्रस्ताव” कब पेश किया गया था?
13. Who opposed separate electorates for minorities? / अल्पसंख्यकों के लिए पृथक निर्वाचक मंडल का विरोध किसने किया?
14. Which leader described separate electorates as “poison”? / किस नेता ने पृथक निर्वाचक मंडल को “जहर” कहा?
15. Begum Aizaas Rasul supported / बेगम आइजाज रसूल ने किसका समर्थन किया?
16. Assertion (A): N.G. Ranga defined minorities in economic terms. / कथन: N.G. Ranga ने अल्पसंख्यकों को आर्थिक रूप में परिभाषित किया।
Reason (R): He believed poor and downtrodden people were real minorities. / कारण: उन्होंने माना कि गरीब और पिछड़े लोग ही वास्तविक अल्पसंख्यक हैं।
17. Who represented the tribals in the Constituent Assembly? / संविधान सभा में जनजातियों का प्रतिनिधित्व किसने किया?
18. Jaipal Singh demanded / जयपाल सिंह ने किसकी मांग की?
19. Who said “We were suppressed for thousands of years”? / “हम हजारों वर्षों तक दबाए गए” — यह किसने कहा?
20. Untouchability was abolished under which Article? / अस्पृश्यता किस अनुच्छेद के तहत समाप्त की गई?
