SST and History Notes XI- XII

 

SOCIAL SCIENCE (VIII)- LESSON 5

UNIVERSAL FRANCHISE AND INDIA’S ELECTORAL SYSTEM

(LESSON NOTES)

  v Introduction

Ø Democracy is based on the participation of citizens in decision-making.

Ø Elections are the primary means through which people express their political will.

Ø India adopted Universal Adult Franchise at the time of Independence, making it one of the largest democracies in the world.

Ø The chapter explains:

§  Universal adult franchise

§  Electoral system

§  Role of the Election Commission of India

§  Types of elections in India

v Meaning of Franchise and Suffrage

Ø Franchise: - Franchise means the right granted by the Constitution or government to vote.

Ø Suffrage: - Suffrage is another term used for franchise. Both terms refer to the right to vote in elections.

v Universal Adult Franchise

Ø Universal Adult Franchise means:

§  Every adult citizen gets one vote and each vote has equal value.

§  In India, every citizen aged 18 years and above has the right to vote. India changed the minimum age for voting from 21 to 18 in 1988.

§  Article 326 of the Indian Constitution provides for universal adult franchise.

§  People convicted of certain serious crimes may be disqualified from voting.

         

SOCIAL SCIENCE (VIII) LESSON -1

NATURAL RESOURCES AND THEIR USE

(LESSON NOTES)

 

Introduction :-

v Nature: -

Ø The form of life and non-life of environment which have not be created by  humans is referred as nature. Examples: air, water, soil, trees, minerals, animals.

v Nature as Resources:

Ø When human beings started to modified the natural elements or use these for consumption they called as resources.  For Example-Trees are part of nature. when trees are cut and used to make furniture, they become a resource.

Ø Conditions for Nature to Become a Resource

§  For any natural entity to be called a resource, it must fulfill the following conditions:

(a)  Technologically accessibility :- Humans must have the technology to access and extract it. Example: Petroleum under deep oceans is not a resource if technology is unavailable.

(b)  Economic Feasibility:- Extraction and use must be cost-effective. If the cost of extraction is too high, it cannot be considered a resource.

(c)  Cultural Acceptability:- Use of the resource should be socially and culturally acceptable. Example: Cutting trees in sacred groves may be culturally unacceptable

SOCIAL SCIENCE (VIII)- LESSON 4

THE COLONIAL ERA IN INDIA

(LESSON NOTES)

v Introduction

Ø As we have already studied that Maratha weakened the Mughal Empire but soon after that Britishers started to expend their territory.

Ø In this lesson we come to know that how the colonialism developed in India and its impact.

Ø How the European companies clashes to expended their territory in India through different strategies?

v Content in this Chapter

Ø The Age of Colonialism

Ø Europeans in India

§  The Portuguese

§  The Dutch

§  The French

§  The British

Ø The British: From traders to rulers

Ø The strategy of ‘divide and rule

§  Conspiracy

§  Doctrine of Lapse

§  Subsidiary alliance

Ø From Paradise to Hell

§  Devastating famines

§  The drain of India’s wealth

§  Changing Landscapes

§  Decline of India’s indigenous industries

§  Dismantling traditional governance structures

§  Transforming Indian education: creating ‘brown Englishmen’

§  Reshaping economic structures to serve imperial needs

Ø Early Resistance Movements: Challenging Colonial Authority

§  The ‘Sannyasi-Fakir rebellion

§  Tribal uprisings

·       Kol Uprising (1831–1832)

·       Santhal Rebellion of 1855 –1856

§  Peasant uprisings

·       Indigo Rebellion

Ø The Great Rebellion of 1857

Ø The Legacy of European Colonialism in India

 

TIME LINE

v Introduction

Ø This lesson tell us about who are martahaa and how they became so powerful and establish their kingdom from Attock to Cuttack start from Shivaji later on under Peshwas. 

  Ø We also learn about their administration system, cultural development, and their legacy.

v Content of the chapter

  Ø Foundation of Maratha Power

  Ø Marathas after Shivaji

  Ø Maratha Administration

  Ø Cultural Revail

  Ø About Thanjavur

       SOCIAL SCIENCE (VIII) LESSON -2  
RESHAPING INDIA’S POLITICAL MAP
(LESSON NOTES)

v Introduction:

  Ø The term ‘medieval’ means between two ages or periods. It was originally applied to European history from 5^th CE to 14^th Centuries also mark as Dark age. In Indian reference ‘medieval’ means the period from the 11th to the 17th centuries.

  Ø In this lesson we come to know about India’s history in references of Political, social, and administrative.

  Ø How the new dynasties emerged and ruins in the medieval period in north and southern region?