SST and History Notes XI- XII

HISTORY (XI)-THEM-5

NOMADIC EMPIRE

(LESSON NOTES)

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v Introduction:-

Ø The concept of Nomadic kingdom seems to be contradictory, because the Nomadic people are basically nomadic. The Mongols of Central Asia established a trans-continental empire and introduced a formidable military system and effective methods of governance. 

HISTORY (XI)

WRITING AND CITY LIFE

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS

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HISTORY (XI)-THEME 10

DISPLACING INDIGENOUS PEOPLES

(NOTES)

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v INTRODUCTION: -

Ø Indigenous people refer as the original inhabitants of a particular place. As you know that after 16^th century many European countries explore the world and started to settle down in different parts of the worlds.

CHEROKEE TRIBES NATIVE AMERICIANS

Ø These new countries become the colonies of the European countries. This process of colonisation affected the life of natives. They were displaced.

 

HISTORY (XI)-THEME 9

THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

(LESSON NOTES)

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v INTRODUCTION

Ø The industrial revolution refers as the transformation of handmade manufacturing to mechanical manufacturing after 1780 from Britain.

Ø This lesson focus on the changes occurred in Britain and later on other countries. We will see that how the machine and technology create large scale changes in textile, iron steel, transportation and railways industries. We also see that most the inventers were common persons.

 

HISTORY (XI)-THEME 7

CHANGING CULTURAL TRADITIONS

(LESSON NOTES)

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v INTRODUCTION

Ø From 14 century there were drastic changes occurred in the cultural tradition of Europe. During this time many cities were developed due to trading activities. These cities become the centre of art and learning. Many new innovation and technology not only changed the life style of people but also change their ideology, thinking and skills etc.

 

HISTORY (XI)-THEME 6

THE THREE ORDERS

(LESSON NOTES)

 

v INTRODUCTION

Ø In the chapter Three orders we will learn about social economic and political changes which occurred in western Europe between the 9-16^th centuries.

Ø After the fall of Roam empire there were, there wer no political unity. German tribe who occupy these areas often fight with each other and occupy their land, which was very important.

Ø So, the social organisations were set up on the basis of land. Church also become important in the society.

Ø The three orders of the European society were –

§  Christian priests

§  Land owning nobles

§  Peasants.

Ø The changing relationships between these three groups was an important factor in shaping European history for several centuries.

v SOURCES TO KNOW THE EUROPEAN SOCIETY

Ø There is a lot of material in the form of documents, details of landownership, prices and legal cases.

Ø Churches had kept records of births, marriages and deaths .The inscriptions in churches give information about traders' associations, and songs and stories give a sense of festivals and community activities.

Ø All these can be used to understand economic and social life.

Ø The book Feudal society and the Idea of Marc Bloch (1886-1944) tells us more things about European society. His ideas were as-

§  He argued that history is not all about political history but also includes international relations and lives of great people.

§  He stressed on the importance of geography in determining human history.

§  His book had significant detailed about social relations and hierarchies and land related affairs and cultural achievements of that period.

 

v MEANING OF FEUDALISM

Ø The term 'feudalism' is derived from a German word 'feud' which means 'a piece of land'. Feudalism refers a social system that existed in Europe during the Middle Ages in which people worked and fought for nobles who gave them protection and the use of land in return.

v FEATURES OF FEUDALISM IN EUROPE

Ø Historians used the term feudalism to describe the economic, legal, political and social relationships of medieval Europe.

Ø Its roots found in Roman Empire but it become a way of life during the era of French king Charlemagne (742-814)

 

 

HISTORY (XI)-THEME-4

THE CENTRAL ISLAMIC LANDS

(LESSON NOTES)

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v INTRODUCTION

Ø There are over I billion Muslims living in the world in presently, who speak different language, belong to different nation.

Ø But the Islamic community has its roots in a unified past which unfolded 1400 years ago.

Ø Between 7^th to 15^th century almost all the lands of the eastern Roman Empire (centred on Constantinople) taken over by the Arab empire.

Ø It was created by the followers of the Prophet Muhammad (who founded the faith of Islam in the seventh century) and centred on Damascus – or by its successors (who ruled from Baghdad initially).

Ø There was a close interaction between Greek and Islamic traditions in the region.

The Dome of the Rock, built over a rocky mound by Abd al- Malik, is the earliest major work of Islamic architecture. Created as a monument to the Muslim presence in the city of Jerusalem

 

 

HISTORY (XI)-THEME 3.

AN EMPIRE ACROSS THREE CONTINENTS

(LESSON NOTES)

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v INTRODUCTION

Ø By 6^th century BCE Iranians had established control over Assyrian empire. They established trade network along the coast of Mediterranean Sea. The Greek cities benefited by these routes. 

Ø By late 4 century BCE the ruler of Macedon, Alexander undertook a series of military campaign and conquered large parts of Europe, North Africa, west Asia and reached up to river Beas.

THEME 2.

WRITING AND CITY LIFE

(ANCIENT MESOPOTAMIA)

(LESSON NOTES)

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v INTRODUCTION

Ø There were many ancient civilization developed along the banks of rivers in the world as Harappan civilization In India-Pakistan, Egyptian on Nile river, Greek civilization in Europe, Mesopotamia in middle east, Maya civilization, Hwang ho in China etc.

Ø Mesopotamia is oldest civilization where writing and city life started firstly. It derived from two Greek words mesos meaning middle and Potamas meaning river.

Ø Mesopotamia means land between two rivers-Euphrates and Tigris. Today it is part of Iraq.

Ø Mesopotamia was known for its Writing, City life, Trade Literature, Mathematics, Astronomy etc.