SST and History Notes XI- XII

SOCIAL SCIENCE -VII- CHAPTER 2:

UNDERSTANDING THE WEATHER

(LESSON NOTES)

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 v Introduction to Weather

Ø Weather refers to the state of the Earth’s atmosphere at a particular time and place.

Ø The atmosphere is the layer of gases (air) that surrounds the Earth.

§  The troposphere is the lowest layer of the atmosphere where:

·       Humans, animals, and plants live.

·       Almost all-weather phenomena occur.

Ø The height troposphere is 6 to 18 kilometres from the ground. Its thickness varies:

SOCIAL SCIENCE -VII

CHAPTER 1:

GEOGRAPHICAL DIVERSITY OF INDIA

(LESSON NOTES)

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v Introduction

Ø First Indian astronaut Rakesh Sharma remarked India as “Sāre jahān se achchha” for India from the space in 1984.

Ø India is a country with immense geographical diversity, which gives it a distinct national character.

Ø The geographical features of India have played a major role in shaping its climate, culture, economy, and history.

Ø India is the seventh-largest country in the world and is in the continent of Asia.

Ø Along with neighbouring countries, India forms a region known as the Indian Subcontinent.

Ø The country can be broadly divided into five major geographical regions for study and understanding.

v Location and Extent of India

Ø India lies in the northern hemisphere.

Ø India is surrounded by the Himalayas in the north.

Ø The Arabian Sea lies to the west of India.

Ø The Bay of Bengal lies to the east of India.

Ø The Indian Ocean lies to the south of India.

Ø These natural boundaries separate India from the rest of Asia and influence its climate and history.

v Major Physiographic Regions of India

Ø India is divided into the following major geographical regions:

§  The Himalayan Mountain Region

§  The Northern Plains (Gangetic Plains)

§  The Thar Desert

§  The Peninsular Plateau

§  The Coastal Plains

§  The Islands

§  The Hills of the Northeast

v The Himalayan Mountain Region

  Ø General Features

§  Himalaya means “abode of snow.”

§  The Himalayas form a massive mountain range in the northern part of India.

§  The Himalayan range stretches for about 2,500 kilometres.

§  Many Himalayan peaks rise above 8,000 metres and are known as the “Eight Thousanders.”

§  The Himalayas act as a natural barrier and protect India from cold winds.

§  The Himalayas are called the “Water Tower of Asia” because many major rivers originate here.

SOCIAL SCIENCE -VII (PART-1)

CHAPTER 9

v Introduction

   Ø The duties of a ruler, as described in the Arthaśhāstra by Kauṭilya, include protection of the state, maintenance of law and order, and safeguarding the welfare of the people.

   Ø The chapter explains different types of government and how they function.

   Ø It explores where governments get their authority from and why democracy is important.

SOCIAL SCIENCE-VII (PART-1)

CHAPTER 10

THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA — AN INTRODUCTION

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1.                   Introduction: Significance of 26 January

Ø The Constitution of India came into effect on 26 January 1950, which is celebrated every year as Republic Day. On this day marching bands, vibrant displays, and the unfurling of the tricolour at Kartavya Path.

Ø The original copy of the Constitution is preserved in a helium-filled glass case in Parliament to protect it from damage.

Ø Helium gas does not react with paper or ink, which helps preserve the document for a long time.

Ø Dr. Rajendra Prasad emphasized that the success of the Constitution depends on citizens respecting democratic values and moral responsibility.

                                            SOCIAL SCIENCE -VII (PART-1)

LESSON-11

FROM BARTER TO MONEY

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1. Introduction

v Exchange in Early Societies

  Ø In early societies, people exchanged goods and services without using money. This system of exchange was known as the barter system.

   Ø People exchanged commodities such as cattle, grains, salt, tea, tobacco, cloth, seeds, and cowrie shells.

  Ø Exchange took place only when both parties agreed to trade their goods.

v Meaning of Key Terms

  Ø A transaction refers to an act of buying or selling goods and services.

  Ø Commodities are goods or products that can be bought, sold or traded.

  Ø Money is a commonly accepted medium used to make payments for goods and services.

 

CLASS-VII-SOCIAL SCIENCE PART-I

LESSON: 12

UNDERSTANDING MARKETS

 

 

1. Introduction to Markets

v Meaning of a Market

Ø A place where people buy and sell goods and services is called as market. It is also known as bazaar, haat (in Hindi), and mārukatté (Kannada).

Ø A market can be a physical place or an online platform.

Ø Markets help individuals, households and businesses access goods and services.

Ø Markets connect people, traditions, and ideas.

v Historical Example – Hampi Bazaar

Ø The Hampi Bazaar in Karnataka was a prosperous market during the Vijayanagara Empire (1336-1565)

Ø It was located opposite the Virupaksha Temple.

Ø Foreign travellers of Portuguese like Domingos Paes and Fernao Nuniz described its prosperity.

Ø A wide variety of goods such as grains, silk, animals, jewels and precious stones were traded there.

Ø The bazaar reflected the economic strength of the empire.

v Introduction to Indian Agriculture

• Agriculture is one of the oldest occupations of human beings.
• It includes the preparation of soil, cultivation of crops, rearing of animals, forestry, and horticulture.
• Indian agriculture is a combination of traditional wisdom and modern scientific practices.
• Farming is closely connected with India’s climate, soil, water availability, and seasons.
• Agriculture plays a vital role in sustaining the population and the economy of India.

v Meaning and Scope of Agriculture

• The word “agriculture” comes from Latin words agri (field) and culture (cultivation).
• Agriculture includes:
• Crop cultivation
• Animal husbandry
• Fisheries
• Apiculture (beekeeping)
• Sericulture (silk production)
• Fibre crops like cotton and jute
• Agriculture and allied activities contribute nearly 18% significantly to India’s GDP
• Nearly half of India’s working population depends on agriculture for livelihood.
• Women form a major part of the agricultural workforce and perform most farming activities.