SST and History Notes XI- XII

SST (VII)-LESSON-2 (PART-1)

OCEANS AND CONTINENTS

 (QUESTION ANSWERS)

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        NCERT QUESTION ANSWERS

1. Explain the following terms:

(a) Continent

Answer:

• A continent is a large continuous expanse of land on the Earth.
• Continents together form the major landmasses of the world.
• There are seven commonly accepted continents:
• Asia
• Africa
• North America
• South America
• Europe
• Australia
• Antarctica
• Continents differ in size, climate, population, and natural features.
• Asia is the largest continent, while Australia is the smallest continent.

                                                 SST (VII)-LESSON-1(PART-1)

NCERT EXERCISE:

1. What, in your opinion, are two important geographical features of India? Why do you think they are important?

Answer:

(i) The Himalayas

• The Himalayas act as a natural barrier in the north.
• They protect India from cold winds coming from Central Asia.
• Many important rivers like the Ganga, Indus, and Brahmaputra originate here.
• They provide water for drinking, farming, and hydroelectricity.
• The Himalayas are also important for tourism and religious activities.

(ii) The Gangetic Plains

• The Gangetic Plains are very fertile due to river deposits.
• A large population lives here because farming is easy.
• Crops like rice, wheat, and sugarcane are grown in abundance.
• Good transport networks have developed because the land is flat.
• Many ancient civilizations developed in these plains.

                                            SOCIAL SCIENCE -VII (PART-1)

LESSON-11

FROM BARTER TO MONEY

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1. Introduction

v Exchange in Early Societies

  Ø In early societies, people exchanged goods and services without using money. This system of exchange was known as the barter system.

   Ø People exchanged commodities such as cattle, grains, salt, tea, tobacco, cloth, seeds, and cowrie shells.

  Ø Exchange took place only when both parties agreed to trade their goods.

v Meaning of Key Terms

  Ø A transaction refers to an act of buying or selling goods and services.

  Ø Commodities are goods or products that can be bought, sold or traded.

  Ø Money is a commonly accepted medium used to make payments for goods and services.

 

SOCIAL SCIENCE PART-2 LESSON -3

EMPIRES AND KINGDOMS: 6TH TO 10TH CENTURIES

(LESSON NOTES)

 

I. INTRODUCTION TO THE PERIOD (600 CE – 1200 CE)

Ø The period from 600 CE to 1200 CE marks the end of the Gupta Empire and the rise of regional kingdoms in India.

Ø This period is sometimes referred to as the post-classical, late classical, or early medieval period.

Ø During this period 0

Ø Large pan-Indian empires declined and were replaced by strong regional powers.

Ø Political rivalry increased, but cultural, artistic, and intellectual activities flourished.(Rock temples of Mamallapuram, Vikramaśhila. University, Kannauj)

Ø India remained dynamic and vibrant despite political fragmentation.

 

CLASS-VII

SOCIAL SCIENCE PART-2 LESSON -6

THE STATE, THE GOVERNMENT, AND YOU

(LESSON NOTES)

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v Introduction

Ø Governance is the system through which a country or society is ruled and administered.

Ø Government is an essential institution that ensures order, welfare, and justice in society.

Ø This chapter explains the meaning of the state, government, democracy, republic, and the relationship between citizens and the government.

v What is a State?

Ø A state is a political organisation that has the authority to govern a defined territory and its population.

Ø A state is also referred to as a nation in political science.

Ø There are four main elements of state population, territory, Government, Sovereignty.

 

Ø Essential Elements of a State

1. Population

Ø Population refers to the people who live permanently within the territory of a state.

Ø A permanent population is necessary because a state cannot exist without people.

Ø People living together over time develop a shared culture, society, and identity.

2. Territory

Ø Territory means a clearly defined geographical area with recognised boundaries.

Ø These boundaries are agreed upon by neighbouring states.

Ø A state must have a fixed area over which it exercises authority.

3. Government

Ø Government is the system or group of people that makes and enforces laws for the state.

Ø It manages administration, governance, and public welfare.

Ø Government is only one part of the state and can change through elections.

4. Sovereignty

Ø Sovereignty means the supreme power of the state to make laws and decisions without external interference.

Ø No other country or authority can control the internal affairs of a sovereign state.

Ø Sovereignty is essential for a state to function independently.

v Difference Between State and Government

Ø The state is a permanent entity consisting of population, territory, government, and sovereignty.

Ø The government is temporary and may change after elections.

Ø The state remains the same even when governments change.

Ø Government acts on behalf of the state and represents it in daily affairs.