SST and History Notes XI- XII

HISTORY (VII)-LESSON-7

TRIBES, NOMADS AND SETTLED COMMUNITIES

(LESSON NOTES)

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v INTRODUCTION: -

  Ø During the Medieval Age, several social, economic and political development took place.

  Ø But social change was not the same everywhere, because different kinds of societies evolved differently.

  Ø As we known that the Indian society was divided on the basis varnas.  

v TRIBAL SOCIETIES

  Ø The communities which did not follow rules and rituals laid down by the Brahmins and nor divided into unequal classes. They were known as tribes.

  Ø Most of the tribes were dependant on agriculture. Others were herders or hunter-gatherers or nomadic.

      

HISTORY (VII)-LESSON-6

TOWNS, TRADERS AND CRAFTSPERSONS

(LESSON NOTES)

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v INTRODUCTION: -

Ø Growth of urbanisation was the main features from 17^th century onward. In medieval India, there were three types of towns—a temple town, an administrative town and a commercial town or a port town.

Ø Many outsiders as the Arabs, Turkish and Afghans settled in many parts of the country leading to the evolution of towns and cities.

v TYPES OF TOWNS

Ø ADMINISTRATIVE TOWNS OR COURT TOWNS

§  Some of the important court towns were Lahore, Agra, Fatehpur Sikri and Delhi, Thanjavur.

§  They were centres of administration.

§  Fatehpur Sikri was the new capital founded by Akbar.

§  Delhi was known as Shahjahanabad and was built by Shah Jahan in 1639.

Ø PORT AND TRADING TOWNS

§  Some towns developed as ports due to their proximity to the seashore.

§  Some major ports were Cambay, Surat, Broach, Masulipatanam, Nagapattinam, etc.

Ø TEMPLE TOWNS AND PILGRIMAGE CENTRES

§  Temples towns were important centres of urbanization and led to the development of cities, economy and society.

§  Pilgrims gave huge donations to temples. This wealth was used by temple authorities to finance their trade and banking.

§  Important temple towns were Bhillasvamin in Madhya Pradesh, Somnath in Gujarat, Kanchipuram and Madurai, Tirupati in Andhra Pradesh. Khwaja Muinuddin Chishti, Sufi saint in Ajmer.

v THANJAVUR-COMBINED FEATURES

Ø Thanjavur, in Tamilnadu which was the capital of the Cholas a thousand years ago, emerged as an administrative centre as well as a temple town.

Ø The perennial river Kaveri flows near this beautiful town.

Ø The famous Rajarajeshvara temple built by King Rajarja Chola lies here.

Ø Here, Kings held courts in the mandapas where issuing orders to their subordinates and armies.

HISTORY (VII)- LESSON-4

THE MUGHAL EMPIRE

(QUESTION ANSWERS)

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(NCERT EXERCISE)

1. Match the following:

Answer: 1-E, 2-C, 3-D, 4-A, 5-F, 6-B

2. Fill in the blanks:

(a) The capital of Mirza Hakim, Akbar’s half-brother, was ____________.

(b) The five Deccan Sultanates were Berar, Khandesh, Ahmadnagar, ____________ and _________________.

(c) If zat determined a mansabdar’s rank and salary, sawar indicated his ____________ .

(d) Abul Fazl, Akbar’s friend and counsellor, helped him frame the idea of ____________ so that he could govern a society composed of many religions, cultures and castes.

Answer: (a) Kabul. (b) Bijapur and Golconda. (c) cavalrymen. (d) sulh-i-kul 

3. What were the central provinces under the control of the Mughals?

Answer: The central provinces under the control of the Mughals were Delhi, Kabul, Mewar, Sindh, Marwar, Gujarat, Bengal, Bihar, Orissa, Chittor and Deccan.

4. What was the relationship between the mansabdar and the jagir?

Answer: Mansabdars received their salaries as revenue assignments called jagirs which were somewhat like iqtas. The Mansabdars did not actually reside in or administer their jagirs, rather they only had the rights to the revenue of their assignments, which was collected for them by their servants while the mansabdars themselves served in some other part of the country.

 HISTORY (VII)- LESSON-3

THE DELHI SULTANS

(QUESTION ANSWERS)

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(NCERT EXERCISE)

1. Which ruler first established his or her capital at Delhi?

Answer: Ananga Pala (Tomaras) of the Rajput Dynasty first established his capital at Delhi.

2. What was the language of administration under the Delhi Sultans?

Answer: The language of administration under the Delhi Sultans was Persian.

3. In whose reign did the Sultanate reach its farthest extent?

Answer: During the reign of Muhammad Tughluq, the Sultanate reached its farthest extent and had marched across a large part of the subcontinent. They defeated the rival armies and seized several cities. The Sultanate also collected taxes from the peasantry and dispensed justice in its realm.

4. From which country did Ibn Battuta travel to India?

Answer: Ibn Battuta was a fourteenth-century travellers who came to India from Morocco, Africa.

HISTORY (VII)- LESSON-2

NEW KINGS AND KINDOMS

(QUESTION ANSWERS)

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1. Match the following:
Gwjara-Pratiharas    –      Western Deccan
Rashtrakutas             –       Bengal
Palos                           –     Gujarat and Rajasthan
Cholas                         –        Tamil Nadu

Answer: 
Gurj ara-Pratiharas        –   Gujarat and Rajasthan
Rashtrakutas                   –   Western Deccan
Palas                                 –    Bengal
Cholas                               –   Tamil Nadu

2. Who were the parties involved in the ‘tripartite struggle’?
Answer: The parties involved in the tripartite struggle were Gurjar-Pratihara, Rashtrakuta, and Pala dynasties.

3. What were the qualifications necessary to become a member of a committee of the sabha in the Chola Empire?
Answer: The working of a sabha according to the Uttaramerur inscription is given below:

     1.  All those who wish to become members of the sabha should be owners of the land from which land, revenue is collected.

     2.    They should have their own homes.

      3.    They should be between 35 and 70 years of age.

      4.    They should have knowledge of the Vedas.

      5.    They should be well-versed in administrative matters and honest in all dealings.

       6.    If anyone has been a member of any committee in the last three years, he cannot become a member of another committee.

       7.    Anyone who has not submitted his accounts, as well as those of his relatives, cannot contest the elections.

HISTORY (VII)- LESSON-1

TRACING CHANGES THROUGH A THOUSAND YEARS

(QUESTION ANSWERS)

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NCERT EXERCISE

1. Who was considered a “foreigner” in the past?

Answer: According to the medieval period, any stranger who did not belong to a certain society or culture and was not a part of that particular village was regarded as a foreigner. For example, a city-dweller, therefore, might have regarded a forest-dweller as a foreigner.

2. State whether true or false:

(a) We do not find inscriptions for the period after 700.

(b) The Marathas asserted their political importance during this period.

(c) Forest-dwellers were sometimes pushed out of their lands with the spread of agricultural settlements.

(d) Sultan Ghiyasuddin Balban controlled Assam, Manipur and Kashmir.

Answer:

(a) False

(b) True

(c) True

(d) False

 

HISTORY(VII)-LESSON-5

RULERS AND BUILDINGS

(LESSON NOTES)

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v INTRODUCTION

Ø In medieval period rulers-built buildings for two purposes as

§  Personal use- forts, palaces, garden residences and tombs etc.

§  Public buildings temples, mosques, tanks, wells, caravanserais and bazaars etc.

Ø They used different architecture techniques in the construction of these buildings. These building showed their engineering skill and technology and grand prestige. This lesson focus on some building constructed in the medieval period.

v QUTB MINAR

Ø Qutab Minar is the highest minar of India with 72.5 meters, height at Mehaurli in Delhi.

Ø It has five stories. The first floor was constructed by Qutbuddin Aybak in 1199 and the rest by Iltutmish around 1229.

HISTORY (VII) LESSON- 4

THE MUGHAL EMPIRE

(LESSON NOTES)

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v INTRODUCTION

Ø On 15 August our prime minister unfurled the flag and addresses the nation from Red Fort, Delhi. It shows the importance of Red fort. It was built by Mughal ruler Shahjahan. For a long year India was ruled from Red fort. In this lesson we will read about Mughals, rulers, their administration policies, military campaign etc.

 

HISTORY (VII)-LESSON-3

THE DELHI SULTANS

(LESSON NOTES)

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Ø Delhi became an important city only in the twelfth century. Firstly, It become a capital of kingdom under the Tomara Rajputs, who were defeated by Chauhan (also called Chahamanas) of Ajmer. It was inhabited by many Jaina merchants who also constructed a number of temples.

Ø The transformation of Delhi into a capital that controlled a vast area of the subcontinent started with the foundation of the Delhi Sultanate at the beginning of the 13th century.

v THE DELHI SULTANATE

Ø From 13^th century onward Delhi become an important city and capital under five different dynasties of Delhi sultans which together known as Delhi sultanate. They established many cities in Delhi as Dehli-i Kuhna, Siri Tughluqabad, Adalibad, Firaz shah kotla, Firuzabad,and Jahanpanah, etc.

DYNASTIES OF DELHI SULTANATE